/**
 * Copyright (c) 2011, The University of Southampton and the individual contributors.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
 * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *   *  Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 *   *  Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 *      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 *      and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 *   *  Neither the name of the University of Southampton nor the names of its
 *      contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
 *      software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
 * ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
 * ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */
package org.openimaj.image;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.text.AttributedString;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;

import org.openimaj.image.analyser.ImageAnalyser;
import org.openimaj.image.analyser.PixelAnalyser;
import org.openimaj.image.combiner.AccumulatingImageCombiner;
import org.openimaj.image.combiner.ImageCombiner;
import org.openimaj.image.pixel.Pixel;
import org.openimaj.image.processor.GridProcessor;
import org.openimaj.image.processor.ImageProcessor;
import org.openimaj.image.processor.KernelProcessor;
import org.openimaj.image.processor.PixelProcessor;
import org.openimaj.image.processor.Processor;
import org.openimaj.image.renderer.ImageRenderer;
import org.openimaj.image.renderer.RenderHints;
import org.openimaj.image.typography.Font;
import org.openimaj.image.typography.FontStyle;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.line.Line2d;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.point.Point2d;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.shape.Polygon;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.shape.Rectangle;
import org.openimaj.math.geometry.shape.Shape;

import Jama.Matrix;

/**
 * Base class for representing and manipulating images. Images are typed by the
 * type of pixel at each coordinate and the concrete subclass type.
 * 
 * @author Jonathon Hare (jsh2@ecs.soton.ac.uk)
 * 
 * @param <Q>
 *            the pixel type
 * @param <I>
 *            the actual image of the concrete subclass
 */
public abstract class Image<Q, I extends Image<Q, I>> implements Cloneable, Serializable, ImageProvider<I> {
        /**
         * Enumerator for representing the type of field interlacing operations.
         * 
         * @author Jonathon Hare (jsh2@ecs.soton.ac.uk)
         */
        public enum Field {
                /**
                 * Odd field
                 */
                ODD,
                /**
                 * Even field
                 */
                EVEN
        }

        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        /**
         * Accumulate this image the the given {@link AccumulatingImageCombiner}.
         * 
         * @param combiner
         *            the combiner
         * @see AccumulatingImageCombiner#accumulate(Image)
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public void accumulateWith(AccumulatingImageCombiner<I, ?> combiner) {
                combiner.accumulate((I) this);
        }

        /**
         * Set all pixels to their absolute values, so that all pixel values in the
         * image will be greater than zero.
         * 
         * @return The image with absolute values
         */
        public abstract I abs();

        /**
         * Adds the given image to this image and return new image.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            The image to add
         * @return A new image that is the sum of this image and the given image.
         */
        public I add(Image<?, ?> im) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.addInplace(im);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Add a value to each pixel and return new image.
         * 
         * @param num
         *            The value to add to each pixel
         * @return A new image that is the sum of this image and the given value.
         */
        public I add(Q num) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.addInplace(num);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Add the given image to this image (side-affects this image).
         * 
         * @param im
         *            The image to add to this image
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I addInplace(Image<?, ?> im);

        /**
         * Add a scalar to each pixel in this image (side-affects this image).
         * 
         * @param num
         *            The value to add to every pixel in this image.
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I addInplace(Q num);

        /**
         * Analyse this image with an {@link ImageAnalyser}.
         * 
         * @param analyser
         *            The analyser to analyse with.
         * @see ImageAnalyser#analyseImage(Image)
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public void analyseWith(ImageAnalyser<I> analyser) {
                analyser.analyseImage((I) this);
        }

        /**
         * Analyse this image with a {@link PixelAnalyser}.
         * 
         * @param analyser
         *            The analyser to analyse with.
         * @see PixelAnalyser#analysePixel(Object)
         */
        public void analyseWith(PixelAnalyser<Q> analyser) {
                analyser.reset();

                for (int y = 0; y < getHeight(); y++) {
                        for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++) {
                                analyser.analysePixel(getPixel(x, y));
                        }
                }
        }

        /**
         * Analyse this image with the given {@link PixelAnalyser}, only analysing
         * those pixels where the mask is non-zero.
         * 
         * @param mask
         *            The mask to apply to the analyser.
         * @param analyser
         *            The {@link PixelProcessor} to apply.
         * 
         * @see PixelAnalyser#analysePixel(Object)
         */
        public void analyseWithMasked(FImage mask, PixelAnalyser<Q> analyser) {
                analyser.reset();

                for (int y = 0; y < getHeight(); y++) {
                        for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++) {
                                if (mask.pixels[y][x] == 0)
                                        continue;
                                analyser.analysePixel(getPixel(x, y));
                        }
                }
        }

        /**
         * Sets any pixels that are below <code>min</code> to zero or above
         * <code>max</code> to the highest normal value that the image allows
         * (usually 1 for floating-point images). This method may side-affect this
         * image.
         * 
         * @param min
         *            The minimum value
         * @param max
         *            The maximum value
         * @return The clipped image.
         */
        public abstract I clip(Q min, Q max);

        /**
         * Set all values greater than the given value to the highest normal value
         * that the image allows (usually 1 for floating-point images). This method
         * may side-affect this image.
         * 
         * @param thresh
         *            The value over which pixels are clipped to zero.
         * @return The clipped image.
         */
        public abstract I clipMax(Q thresh);

        /**
         * Set all values less than the given value to zero. This method may
         * side-affect this image.
         * 
         * @param thresh
         *            The value below which pixels are clipped to zero.
         * @return The clipped image.
         */
        public abstract I clipMin(Q thresh);

        /**
         * Deep copy of an image (internal image buffers copied).
         * 
         * @return A copy of this image.
         */
        @Override
        public abstract I clone();

        /**
         * Create a {@link ImageRenderer} capable of drawing into this image.
         * 
         * @return the renderer
         */
        public abstract ImageRenderer<Q, I> createRenderer();

        /**
         * Create a {@link ImageRenderer} capable of drawing into this image.
         * 
         * @param options
         *            Options for the renderer
         * @return the renderer
         */
        public abstract ImageRenderer<Q, I> createRenderer(RenderHints options);

        /**
         * Combine this image with another using an {@link ImageCombiner}.
         * 
         * @param <OUT>
         *            The output {@link Image} type.
         * @param <OTHER>
         *            The type of the other {@link Image} being combined.
         * @param combiner
         *            The combiner.
         * @param other
         *            The image to combine with this
         * @return The combined output.
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public <OUT extends Image<?, OUT>, OTHER extends Image<?, OTHER>> OUT combineWith(
                        ImageCombiner<I, OTHER, OUT> combiner, OTHER other)
        {
                return combiner.combine((I) this, other);
        }

        /**
         * Get the default foreground colour.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @return the default foreground colour.
         */
        public Q defaultBackgroundColour() {
                return createRenderer().defaultBackgroundColour();
        }

        /**
         * Get the default foreground colour.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @return the default foreground colour.
         */
        public Q defaultForegroundColour() {
                return createRenderer().defaultForegroundColour();
        }

        /**
         * Divide each pixel of the image by corresponding pixel in the given image.
         * This method should return a new image.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            image The image to divide this image by.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I divide(Image<?, ?> im) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.divideInplace(im);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Divide each pixel of the image by the given scalar value. This method
         * should return a new image.
         * 
         * @param val
         *            The value to divide the pixels in this image by.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I divide(Q val) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.divideInplace(val);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Divide each pixel in this image by the corresponding pixel value in the
         * given image. This method should side-affect this image.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            image The image to divide this image by.
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        public abstract I divideInplace(Image<?, ?> im);

        /**
         * Divide each pixel of the image by the given scalar value. This method
         * should side-affect this image.
         * 
         * @param val
         *            The value to divide each pixel by.
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        public abstract I divideInplace(Q val);

        /**
         * Draw onto this image lines drawn with the given colour between the points
         * given. No points are drawn. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param pts
         *            The point list to draw onto this image.
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the lines
         */
        public void drawConnectedPoints(List<? extends Point2d> pts, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawConnectedPoints(pts, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a cubic Bezier curve into the image with 100 point accuracy.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param p1
         *            One end point of the line
         * @param p2
         *            The other end point of the line
         * @param c1
         *            The control point associated with p1
         * @param c2
         *            The control point associated with p2
         * @param thickness
         *            The thickness to draw the line
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the line
         * @return The points along the bezier curve
         */
        public Point2d[] drawCubicBezier(Point2d p1, Point2d p2,
                        Point2d c1, Point2d c2, int thickness, Q col)
        {
                return createRenderer().drawCubicBezier(p1, p2, c1, c2, thickness, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw into this image the provided image at the given coordinates. Parts
         * of the image outside the bounds of this image will be ignored.
         * Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param image
         *            The image to draw.
         * @param x
         *            The x-ordinate of the top-left of the image
         * @param y
         *            The y-ordinate of the top-left of the image
         */
        public void drawImage(I image, int x, int y) {
                createRenderer().drawImage(image, x, y);
        }

        /**
         * Draw into this image the provided image at the given coordinates. Parts
         * of the image outside the bounds of this image will be ignored.
         * Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param image
         *            The image to draw.
         * @param pt
         *            the coordinate at which to draw
         */
        public void drawImage(I image, Point2d pt) {
                createRenderer().drawImage(image, (int) pt.getX(), (int) pt.getY());
        }

        /**
         * Draw into this image the provided image at the given coordinates ignoring
         * certain pixels. Parts of the image outside the bounds of this image will
         * be ignored. Side-affects this image. Pixels in the ignore list will be
         * stripped from the image to draw.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param image
         *            The image to draw.
         * @param x
         *            The x-ordinate of the top-left of the image
         * @param y
         *            The y-ordinate of the top-left of the image
         * @param ignoreList
         *            The list of pixels to ignore when copying the image
         */
        public void drawImage(I image, int x, int y, Q... ignoreList) {
                createRenderer().drawImage(image, x, y, ignoreList);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a line from the coordinates specified by <code>(x1,y1)</code> at an
         * angle of <code>theta</code> with the given length, thickness and colour.
         * Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param x1
         *            The x-ordinate to start the line.
         * @param y1
         *            The y-ordinate to start the line.
         * @param theta
         *            The angle at which to draw the line.
         * @param length
         *            The length to draw the line.
         * @param thickness
         *            The thickness to draw the line.
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the line.
         */
        public void drawLine(int x1, int y1, double theta, int length, int thickness, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawLine(x1, y1, theta, length, thickness, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a line from the coordinates specified by <code>(x1,y1)</code> at an
         * angle of <code>theta</code> with the given length and colour.
         * Line-thickness will be 1. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param x1
         *            The x-ordinate to start the line.
         * @param y1
         *            The y-ordinate to start the line.
         * @param theta
         *            The angle at which to draw the line.
         * @param length
         *            The length to draw the line.
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the line.
         */
        public void drawLine(int x1, int y1, double theta, int length, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawLine(x1, y1, theta, length, 1, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a line from the coordinates specified by <code>(x0,y0)</code> to the
         * coordinates specified by <code>(x1,y1)</code> using the given color and
         * thickness. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param x0
         *            The x-ordinate at the start of the line.
         * @param y0
         *            The y-ordinate at the start of the line.
         * @param x1
         *            The x-ordinate at the end of the line.
         * @param y1
         *            The y-ordinate at the end of the line.
         * @param thickness
         *            The thickness which to draw the line.
         * @param col
         *            The colour in which to draw the line.
         */
        public void drawLine(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1, int thickness, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawLine(x0, y0, x1, y1, thickness, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a line from the coordinates specified by <code>(x0,y0)</code> to
         * <code>(x1,y1)</code> using the given colour. The line thickness will be 1
         * pixel. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param x0
         *            The x-ordinate at the start of the line.
         * @param y0
         *            The y-ordinate at the start of the line.
         * @param x1
         *            The x-ordinate at the end of the line.
         * @param y1
         *            The y-ordinate at the end of the line.
         * @param col
         *            The colour in which to draw the line.
         */
        public void drawLine(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawLine(x0, y0, x1, y1, 1, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a line from the coordinates specified using the given colour. The
         * line thickness will be 1 pixel. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param p1
         *            The coordinate of the start of the line.
         * @param p2
         *            The coordinate of the end of the line.
         * @param col
         *            The colour in which to draw the line.
         */
        public void drawLine(Point2d p1, Point2d p2, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawLine(p1, p2, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a line from the coordinates specified using the given colour and
         * thickness. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param p1
         *            The coordinate of the start of the line.
         * @param p2
         *            The coordinate of the end of the line.
         * @param thickness
         *            the stroke width
         * @param col
         *            The colour in which to draw the line.
         */
        public void drawLine(Point2d p1, Point2d p2, int thickness, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawLine(p1, p2, thickness, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a line from the specified Line2d object
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param line
         *            the line
         * @param thickness
         *            the stroke width
         * @param col
         *            The colour in which to draw the line.
         */
        public void drawLine(Line2d line, int thickness, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawLine(line, thickness, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw the given list of lines using {@link #drawLine(Line2d, int, Object)}
         * with the given colour and thickness. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param lines
         *            The list of lines to draw.
         * @param thickness
         *            the stroke width
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw each point.
         */
        public void drawLines(Iterable<? extends Line2d> lines, int thickness, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawLines(lines, thickness, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw a dot centered on the given location (rounded to nearest integer
         * location) at the given size and with the given color. Side-affects this
         * image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The coordinates at which to draw the point
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the point
         * @param size
         *            The size at which to draw the point.
         */
        public void drawPoint(Point2d p, Q col, int size) {
                createRenderer().drawPoint(p, col, size);
        }

        /**
         * Draw the given list of points using
         * {@link #drawPoint(Point2d, Object, int)} with the given colour and size.
         * Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param pts
         *            The list of points to draw.
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw each point.
         * @param size
         *            The size to draw each point.
         */
        public void drawPoints(Iterable<? extends Point2d> pts, Q col, int size) {
                createRenderer().drawPoints(pts, col, size);
        }

        /**
         * Draw the given polygon in the specified colour with the given thickness
         * lines. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The polygon to draw.
         * @param thickness
         *            The thickness of the lines to use
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the lines in
         */
        public void drawPolygon(Polygon p, int thickness, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawPolygon(p, thickness, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw the given polygon in the specified colour. Uses
         * {@link #drawPolygon(Polygon, int, Object)} with line thickness 1.
         * Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The polygon to draw.
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the polygon in.
         */
        public void drawPolygon(Polygon p, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawPolygon(p, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw the given polygon, filled with the specified colour. Side-affects
         * this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The polygon to draw.
         * @param col
         *            The colour to fill the polygon with.
         */
        public void drawPolygonFilled(Polygon p, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawPolygonFilled(p, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw the given shape in the specified colour with the given thickness
         * lines. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param s
         *            The shape to draw.
         * @param thickness
         *            The thickness of the lines to use
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the lines in
         */
        public void drawShape(Shape s, int thickness, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawShape(s, thickness, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw the given shape in the specified colour. Uses
         * {@link #drawPolygon(Polygon, int, Object)} with line thickness 1.
         * Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The shape to draw.
         * @param col
         *            The colour to draw the polygon in.
         */
        public void drawShape(Shape p, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawShape(p, col);
        }

        /**
         * Draw the given shape, filled with the specified colour. Side-affects this
         * image.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param s
         *            The shape to draw.
         * @param col
         *            The colour to fill the polygon with.
         */
        public void drawShapeFilled(Shape s, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawShapeFilled(s, col);
        }

        /**
         * Render the text using its attributes.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param text
         *            the text
         * @param x
         *            the x-ordinate
         * @param y
         *            the y-ordinate
         */
        public void drawText(AttributedString text, int x, int y) {
                createRenderer().drawText(text, x, y);
        }

        /**
         * Render the text using its attributes.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param text
         *            the text
         * @param pt
         *            the coordinate to render at
         */
        public void drawText(AttributedString text, Point2d pt) {
                createRenderer().drawText(text, pt);
        }

        /**
         * Render the text in the given font with the default style.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param <F>
         *            the font
         * @param text
         *            the text
         * @param x
         *            the x-ordinate
         * @param y
         *            the y-ordinate
         * @param f
         *            the font
         * @param sz
         *            the size
         */
        public <F extends Font<F>> void drawText(String text, int x, int y, F f, int sz) {
                createRenderer().drawText(text, x, y, f, sz);
        }

        /**
         * Render the text in the given font in the given colour with the default
         * style.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param <F>
         *            the font
         * @param text
         *            the text
         * @param x
         *            the x-ordinate
         * @param y
         *            the y-ordinate
         * @param f
         *            the font
         * @param sz
         *            the size
         * @param col
         *            the font color
         */
        public <F extends Font<F>> void drawText(String text, int x, int y, F f, int sz, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawText(text, x, y, f, sz, col);
        }

        /**
         * Render the text with the given {@link FontStyle}.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param text
         *            the text
         * @param x
         *            the x-ordinate
         * @param y
         *            the y-ordinate
         * @param f
         *            the font style
         */
        public void drawText(String text, int x, int y, FontStyle<Q> f) {
                createRenderer().drawText(text, x, y, f);
        }

        /**
         * Render the text in the given font with the default style.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param <F>
         *            the font
         * @param text
         *            the text
         * @param pt
         *            the coordinate to render at
         * @param f
         *            the font
         * @param sz
         *            the size
         */
        public <F extends Font<F>> void drawText(String text, Point2d pt, F f, int sz) {
                createRenderer().drawText(text, pt, f, sz);
        }

        /**
         * Render the text in the given font in the given colour with the default
         * style.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param <F>
         *            the font
         * @param text
         *            the text
         * @param pt
         *            the coordinate to render at
         * @param f
         *            the font
         * @param sz
         *            the size
         * @param col
         *            the font colour
         */
        public <F extends Font<F>> void drawText(String text, Point2d pt, F f, int sz, Q col) {
                createRenderer().drawText(text, pt, f, sz, col);
        }

        /**
         * Render the text with the given {@link FontStyle}.
         * 
         * <p>
         * This is a convenience method that calls {@link #createRenderer()} to get
         * the default renderer to do the actual drawing. Create the renderer
         * yourself and use it to draw if you need more control.
         * </p>
         * 
         * @param text
         *            the text
         * @param pt
         *            the coordinate to render at
         * @param f
         *            the font style
         */
        public void drawText(String text, Point2d pt, FontStyle<Q> f) {
                createRenderer().drawText(text, pt, f);
        }

        /**
         * Extract a rectangular region about the centre of the image with the given
         * width and height. The method will return a box that extends
         * <code>width/2</code> and <code>height/2</code> from the centre point so
         * that the centre point of the extracted box is also the centre point of
         * the image.
         * 
         * @param w
         *            The width of the box to extract
         * @param h
         *            The height of the box to extract
         * @return A new image centred around the centre of the image.
         */
        public I extractCenter(int w, int h) {
                final int sw = (int) Math.floor((this.getWidth() - w) / 2);
                final int sh = (int) Math.floor((this.getHeight() - h) / 2);

                return this.extractROI(sw, sh, w, h);
        }

        /**
         * Extract a rectangular region centred on a given point. The method will
         * return a box that extends <code>width/2</code> and <code>height/2</code>
         * from the given point <code>(x,y)</code> such that the centre point of the
         * extracted box is the same as the point <code>(x,y)</code> in this image.
         * 
         * @param x
         *            Center point of the rectangle to extract
         * @param y
         *            center point of the rectangle to extract
         * @param w
         *            The width of the rectangle to extract
         * @param h
         *            The height of the rectangle to extract
         * @return A new image centred around the centre of the image.
         */
        public I extractCenter(int x, int y, int w, int h) {
                final int sw = (int) Math.floor(x - (w / 2));
                final int sh = (int) Math.floor(y - (h / 2));

                return this.extractROI(sw, sh, w, h);
        }

        /**
         * Extract a rectangular region of interest from this image and put it in
         * the given image. Coordinate <code>(0,0)</code> is the top-left corner.
         * The width and height of the extracted image should be determined from the
         * given image's width and height.
         * 
         * @param x
         *            The leftmost coordinate of the rectangle to extract
         * @param y
         *            The topmost coordinate of the rectangle to extract
         * @param img
         *            The destination image
         * @return A reference to the destination image containing the result
         */
        public abstract I extractROI(int x, int y, I img);

        /**
         * Extract a rectangular region of interest of the given width and height.
         * Coordinate <code>(0,0)</code> is the top-left corner. Returns a new
         * image.
         * 
         * @param x
         *            The leftmost coordinate of the rectangle to extract
         * @param y
         *            The topmost coordinate of the rectangle to extract
         * @param w
         *            The width of the rectangle to extract
         * @param h
         *            The height of the rectangle to extract
         * @return A new image representing the selected region
         */
        public abstract I extractROI(int x, int y, int w, int h);

        /**
         * Extract a rectangular region of interest of the given width and height.
         * Coordinate <code>(0,0)</code> is the top-left corner. Returns a new
         * image.
         * 
         * @param r
         *            the rectangle
         * @return A new image representing the selected region
         */
        public I extractROI(Rectangle r) {
                return extractROI((int) r.x, (int) r.y, (int) r.width, (int) r.height);
        }

        /**
         * Fill this image with the given colour. Should overwrite all other data
         * stored in this image. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @param colour
         *            the colour to fill the image with
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I fill(Q colour);

        /**
         * Flips the content horizontally. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I flipX();

        /**
         * Flips the content vertically. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I flipY();

        /**
         * Get a rectangle representing the image, with the top-left at 0,0 and the
         * bottom-right at width,height
         * 
         * @return the bounding rectangle of the image
         */
        public Rectangle getBounds() {
                return new Rectangle(0, 0, this.getWidth(), this.getHeight());
        }

        /**
         * Get the image width in pixels. This is syntactic sugar for
         * {@link #getWidth()};
         * 
         * @return The image width in pixels.
         */
        public int getCols() {
                return getWidth();
        }

        /**
         * Get bounding box of non-zero-valued pixels around the outside of the
         * image. Used by {@link #trim()}.
         * 
         * @return A rectangle of the boundaries of the non-zero-valued image
         */
        public abstract Rectangle getContentArea();

        /**
         * Get the given field of this image. Used for deinterlacing video, this
         * should return a new image containing the deinterlaced image. The returned
         * image will be half the height of this image.
         * 
         * @param f
         *            The {@link Field} to extract from this image
         * @return An image containing only the odd or even fields.
         */
        public abstract I getField(Field f);

        /**
         * Get the given field of this image, maintaining the image's aspect ratio
         * by doubling the fields. Used for deinterlacing video, this should return
         * a new image containing the deinterlaced image. The returned image should
         * be the same size as this image.
         * 
         * @param f
         *            The {@link Field} to extract from this image
         * @return An image containing the odd or even fields doubled.
         */
        public abstract I getFieldCopy(Field f);

        /**
         * Get the given field of this image, maintaining the image's aspect ratio
         * by interpolating between the fields. Used for deinterlacing video, this
         * should return a new image containing the detinterlaced image. The
         * returned image should be the same size as this image.
         * 
         * @param f
         *            The {@link Field} to extract from this image.
         * @return An image containing the odd or even fields with interpolated rows
         *         between.
         */
        public abstract I getFieldInterpolate(Field f);

        /**
         * Returns the image height in pixels.
         * 
         * @return The image height in pixels.
         */
        public abstract int getHeight();

        /**
         * Get the value of the pixel at coordinate <code>(x, y)</code>.
         * 
         * @param x
         *            The x-ordinate to get
         * @param y
         *            The y-ordinate to get
         * 
         * @return The pixel value at (x, y)
         */
        public abstract Q getPixel(int x, int y);

        /**
         * Get the value of the pixel at coordinate p
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The coordinate to get
         * 
         * @return The pixel value at (x, y)
         */
        public Q getPixel(Pixel p) {
                return getPixel(p.x, p.y);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a pixel comparator that is able to compare equality of pixels in
         * the given image type.
         * 
         * @return A {@link Comparator} that compares pixels.
         */
        public abstract Comparator<? super Q> getPixelComparator();

        /**
         * Get the value of a sub-pixel using linear-interpolation.
         * 
         * @param x
         *            The x-ordinate to get
         * @param y
         *            The y-ordinate to get
         * @return The value of the interpolated point at <code>(x,y)</code>
         */
        public abstract Q getPixelInterp(double x, double y);

        /**
         * Get the value of a sub-pixel using linear-interpolation. Also specify the
         * colour of the background (for interpolation at the edge)
         * 
         * @param x
         *            The x-ordinate to get.
         * @param y
         *            The y-ordinate to get.
         * @param backgroundColour
         *            The colour of the background pixel.
         * @return The value of the interpolated point at <code>(x,y)</code>
         */
        public abstract Q getPixelInterp(double x, double y, Q backgroundColour);

        /**
         * Returns the pixels in this image as a vector (an array of the pixel
         * type).
         * 
         * @param f
         *            The array into which to place the data
         * @return The pixels in the image as a vector (a reference to the given
         *         array).
         */
        public Q[] getPixelVector(Q[] f) {
                for (int y = 0; y < getHeight(); y++)
                        for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++)
                                f[x + y * getWidth()] = getPixel(x, y);

                return f;
        }

        /**
         * Get the height of this image. This is a syntactic sugar method for
         * {@link #getHeight()}.
         * 
         * @return The image height in pixels.
         */
        public int getRows() {
                return getHeight();
        }

        /**
         * Get the width (number of columns) in this image.
         * 
         * @return the image width
         */
        public abstract int getWidth();

        /**
         * Copy the internal state from another image of the same type. This method
         * is designed to be FAST. This means that bounds checking WILL NOT be
         * performed, so it is important that the images are the SAME size.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            The source image to make a copy of.
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I internalCopy(I im);

        /**
         * Assign the internal state from another image of the same type.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            The source image to make a copy of.
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I internalAssign(I im);

        /**
         * Copy pixels from given ARGB buffer image into this image. Side-affects
         * this image.
         * 
         * @param pixelData
         *            buffer of ARGB packed integer pixels
         * @param width
         *            the width of the buffer
         * @param height
         *            the height of the buffer
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I internalAssign(int[] pixelData, int width, int height);

        /**
         * Invert the image pixels by finding the maximum value and subtracting each
         * pixel value from that maximum.
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I inverse();

        /**
         * Find the maximum pixel value.
         * 
         * @return The maximum pixel value
         */
        public abstract Q max();

        /**
         * Find the minimum pixel value.
         * 
         * @return The minimum pixel value
         */
        public abstract Q min();

        /**
         * Multiply the pixel values in this image with the corresponding pixel
         * values in the given image. This method returns a new image.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            The image to multiply with this one
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I multiply(Image<?, ?> im) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.multiplyInplace(im);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Multiply each pixel of this by the given scalar and return new image.
         * 
         * @param num
         *            The scalar which to multiply the image by
         * @return A new image containing the result
         */
        public I multiply(Q num) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.multiplyInplace(num);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Multiply each pixel in this image by the corresponding pixel in the given
         * image. This method side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            The image to multiply with this image.
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I multiplyInplace(Image<?, ?> im);

        /**
         * Multiply each pixel of this by the given scalar. This method side-affects
         * this image.
         * 
         * @param num
         *            The scalar to multiply this image by.
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I multiplyInplace(Q num);

        /**
         * Create a new instance of this image subclass with given dimensions.
         * 
         * @param width
         *            The image width
         * @param height
         *            The image height
         * 
         * @return A new instance of an image of type <code>I</code>
         */
        public abstract I newInstance(int width, int height);

        /**
         * Normalise all pixel values to fall within the range 0.0 - 1.0. This
         * should be scaled by both the maximum and minimum values. This method
         * side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I normalise();

        /**
         * Adds padding as in {@link Image#padding(int, int, Object)}. The padding
         * colour is the colour of the closest border pixel.
         * 
         * @param paddingWidth
         *            padding in the x direction
         * @param paddingHeight
         *            padding in the y direction
         * @return padded image
         */
        public I padding(int paddingWidth, int paddingHeight) {
                return this.padding(paddingWidth, paddingHeight, null);
        }

        /**
         * Adds this many pixels to both sides of the image such that the new image
         * width = padding + width + padding with the original image in the middle
         * 
         * @param paddingWidth
         *            left and right padding width
         * @param paddingHeight
         *            top and bottom padding width
         * @param paddingColour
         *            colour of padding, if null the closes border pixel is used
         * @return padded image
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public I padding(int paddingWidth, int paddingHeight, Q paddingColour) {
                final I out = this.newInstance(paddingWidth + this.getWidth() + paddingWidth, paddingHeight + this.getHeight()
                                + paddingHeight);

                out.createRenderer().drawImage((I) this, paddingWidth, paddingHeight);
                final int rightLimit = paddingWidth + this.getWidth();
                final int bottomLimit = paddingHeight + this.getHeight();
                // Fill the padding with a colour if it isn't null
                if (paddingColour != null)
                        for (int y = 0; y < out.getHeight(); y++) {
                                for (int x = 0; x < out.getWidth(); x++) {
                                        if (x >= paddingWidth && x < rightLimit && y >= paddingHeight && y < bottomLimit)
                                                continue;
                                        out.setPixel(x, y, paddingColour);
                                }
                        }
                else
                        for (int y = 0; y < out.getHeight(); y++) {
                                for (int x = 0; x < out.getWidth(); x++) {
                                        if (x >= paddingWidth && x < rightLimit && y >= paddingHeight && y < bottomLimit)
                                                continue;
                                        if (x < paddingWidth && y < paddingHeight)
                                                out.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixel(0, 0)); // Top Left
                                        else if (x < paddingWidth && y >= bottomLimit)
                                                out.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixel(0, this.getHeight() - 1)); // Bottom
                                                                                                                                                                        // Left
                                        else if (x >= rightLimit && y < paddingHeight)
                                                out.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixel(this.getWidth() - 1, 0)); // Top
                                                                                                                                                                        // Right
                                        else if (x >= rightLimit && y >= bottomLimit)
                                                out.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixel(this.getWidth() - 1, this.getHeight() - 1)); // Bottom
                                                                                                                                                                                                                // Right
                                        else {
                                                if (x < paddingWidth)
                                                        out.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixel(0, y - paddingHeight)); // Left
                                                else if (x >= rightLimit)
                                                        out.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixel(this.getWidth() - 1, y - paddingHeight)); // Right
                                                else if (y < paddingHeight)
                                                        out.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixel(x - paddingWidth, 0)); // Top
                                                else if (y >= bottomLimit)
                                                        out.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixel(x - paddingWidth, this.getHeight() - 1)); // Bottom
                                        }
                                }
                        }

                return out;
        }

        /**
         * Adds pixels to around the image such that the new image width =
         * paddingLeft + width + paddingRight with the original image in the middle.
         * The values of the padding pixels are formed from repeated symmetric
         * reflections of the original image.
         * 
         * @param paddingLeft
         *            left padding width
         * @param paddingRight
         *            right padding width
         * @param paddingTop
         *            top padding width
         * @param paddingBottom
         *            bottom padding width
         * @return padded image
         */
        public I paddingSymmetric(int paddingLeft, int paddingRight, int paddingTop, int paddingBottom) {
                final I out = this.newInstance(paddingLeft + this.getWidth() + paddingRight, paddingTop + this.getHeight()
                                + paddingBottom);
                final I clone = this.clone();
                final I hflip = clone.clone().flipX();

                final ImageRenderer<Q, I> rend = out.createRenderer();
                rend.drawImage(clone, paddingLeft, paddingTop);

                // left
                for (int i = paddingLeft - this.getWidth(), c = 0; i > -this.getWidth(); i -= this.getWidth(), c++) {
                        if (c % 2 == 0) {
                                rend.drawImage(hflip, i, paddingTop);
                        } else {
                                rend.drawImage(clone, i, paddingTop);
                        }
                }

                // right
                for (int i = paddingLeft + this.getWidth(), c = 0; i < paddingLeft + paddingRight + this.getWidth(); i += this
                                .getWidth(), c++)
                {
                        if (c % 2 == 0) {
                                rend.drawImage(hflip, i, paddingTop);
                        } else {
                                rend.drawImage(clone, i, paddingTop);
                        }
                }

                final I centre = out.extractROI(0, paddingTop, paddingLeft + this.getWidth() + paddingRight, this.getHeight());
                final I yflip = centre.clone().flipY();

                // up
                for (int i = paddingTop - this.getHeight(), c = 0; i > -this.getHeight(); i -= this.getHeight(), c++) {
                        if (c % 2 == 0) {
                                rend.drawImage(yflip, 0, i);
                        } else {
                                rend.drawImage(centre, 0, i);
                        }
                }

                // down
                for (int i = paddingTop + this.getHeight(), c = 0; i < paddingTop + paddingBottom + this.getHeight(); i += this
                                .getHeight(), c++)
                {
                        if (c % 2 == 0) {
                                rend.drawImage(yflip, 0, i);
                        } else {
                                rend.drawImage(centre, 0, i);
                        }
                }

                return out;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link GridProcessor} and return new
         * image containing the result.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            {@link GridProcessor} to apply to this image.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I process(GridProcessor<Q, I> p) {
                final int height = p.getVerticalGridElements();
                final int width = p.getHorizontalGridElements();
                final I newImage = this.newInstance(width, height);
                newImage.zero();

                final int gridWidth = getWidth() / width;
                final int gridHeight = getHeight() / height;
                for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
                        for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
                                newImage.setPixel(x, y,
                                                p.processGridElement(this.extractROI(gridWidth * x, gridHeight * y, gridWidth, gridHeight)));

                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with an {@link ImageProcessor} and return new image
         * containing the result.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link ImageProcessor} to apply to this image.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I process(ImageProcessor<I> p) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.processInplace(p);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link KernelProcessor} and return new
         * image containing the result.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link KernelProcessor} to apply.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I process(KernelProcessor<Q, I> p) {
                return process(p, false);
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link KernelProcessor} and return new
         * image containing the result.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link KernelProcessor} to apply.
         * @param pad
         *            Should the image be zero padded so the kernel reaches the
         *            edges of the output
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I process(KernelProcessor<Q, I> p, boolean pad) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.zero();

                final int kh = p.getKernelHeight();
                final int kw = p.getKernelWidth();

                final int hh = p.getKernelHeight() / 2;
                final int hw = p.getKernelWidth() / 2;

                final I tmp = newInstance(kw, kh);

                if (!pad) {
                        for (int y = hh; y < getHeight() - (kh - hh); y++) {
                                for (int x = hw; x < getWidth() - (kw - hw); x++) {
                                        newImage.setPixel(x, y, p.processKernel(this.extractROI(x - hw, y - hh, tmp)));
                                }
                        }
                } else {
                        for (int y = 0; y < getHeight(); y++) {
                                for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++) {
                                        newImage.setPixel(x, y, p.processKernel(this.extractROI(x - hw, y - hh, tmp)));
                                }
                        }
                }

                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link PixelProcessor} and return a new
         * image containing the result.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link PixelProcessor} to apply.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I process(PixelProcessor<Q> p) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.processInplace(p);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with an {@link Processor} and return new image
         * containing the result.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link Processor} to apply to this image.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I process(Processor<I> p) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.processInplace(p);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link Processor} side-affecting this
         * image.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link Processor} to apply.
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public I processInplace(Processor<I> p) {
                if (p == null)
                        return (I) this;
                if (p instanceof ImageProcessor)
                        return processInplace((ImageProcessor<I>) p);
                if (p instanceof KernelProcessor)
                        return processInplace((KernelProcessor<Q, I>) p);
                if (p instanceof PixelProcessor)
                        return processInplace((PixelProcessor<Q>) p);

                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported Processor type");
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link ImageProcessor} side-affecting
         * this image.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link ImageProcessor} to apply.
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public I processInplace(ImageProcessor<I> p) {
                p.processImage((I) this);
                return (I) this;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link KernelProcessor} side-affecting
         * this image.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link KernelProcessor} to apply.
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        public I processInplace(KernelProcessor<Q, I> p) {
                return processInplace(p, false);
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link KernelProcessor} side-affecting
         * this image.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link KernelProcessor} to apply.
         * @param pad
         *            Should the image be zero padded so the kernel reaches the
         *            edges of the output
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public I processInplace(KernelProcessor<Q, I> p, boolean pad) {
                final I newImage = process(p, pad);
                this.internalAssign(newImage);
                return (I) this;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link PixelProcessor} side-affecting
         * this image.
         * 
         * @param p
         *            The {@link PixelProcessor} to apply.
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public I processInplace(PixelProcessor<Q> p) {
                for (int y = 0; y < getHeight(); y++) {
                        for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++) {
                                setPixel(x, y, p.processPixel(getPixel(x, y)));
                        }
                }

                return (I) this;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link PixelProcessor} only affecting
         * those pixels where the mask is non-zero. Returns a new image.
         * 
         * @param mask
         *            The mask to apply to the processing.
         * @param p
         *            The {@link PixelProcessor} to apply.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I processMasked(FImage mask, PixelProcessor<Q> p) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.processMaskedInplace(mask, p);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Process this image with the given {@link PixelProcessor}, only affecting
         * those pixels where the mask is non-zero. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @param mask
         *            The mask to apply to the processor.
         * @param p
         *            The {@link PixelProcessor} to apply.
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public I processMaskedInplace(FImage mask, PixelProcessor<Q> p) {
                for (int y = 0; y < getHeight(); y++) {
                        for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++) {
                                if (mask.pixels[y][x] == 0)
                                        continue;
                                setPixel(x, y, p.processPixel(getPixel(x, y)));
                        }
                }
                return (I) this;
        }

        /**
         * Sets the pixel at <code>(x,y)</code> to the given value. Side-affects
         * this image.
         * 
         * @param x
         *            The x-ordinate of the pixel to set
         * @param y
         *            The y-ordinate of the pixel to set
         * @param val
         *            The value to set the pixel to.
         */
        public abstract void setPixel(int x, int y, Q val);

        /**
         * Subtract the corresponding pixel value from the given image from the
         * pixel values in this image. Returns a new image.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            The image to subtract from this image.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I subtract(Image<?, ?> im) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.subtractInplace(im);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Subtract a scalar from every pixel value in this image and return new
         * image.
         * 
         * @param num
         *            A value to subtract from each pixel.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I subtract(Q num) {
                final I newImage = this.clone();
                newImage.subtractInplace(num);
                return newImage;
        }

        /**
         * Subtract the corresponding pixel value from the given image from the
         * pixel values in this image. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @param im
         *            The image to subtract from this image.
         * @return A reference to this containing the result.
         */
        public abstract I subtractInplace(Image<?, ?> im);

        /**
         * Subtract a scalar from every pixel value in this image. Side-affects this
         * image.
         * 
         * @param num
         *            A value to subtract from each pixel.
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        public abstract I subtractInplace(Q num);

        /**
         * Set all values less than the given threshold to 0 and all others to 1.
         * Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @param thresh
         *            The threshold value
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        public abstract I threshold(Q thresh);

        /**
         * Convert the image to a byte representation suitable for writing to a pnm
         * type format. Each byte should represent a single pixel. Multiband images
         * should interleave the data; e.g. [R1,G1,B1,R2,G2,B2...etc.]
         * 
         * @return This image as a byte array
         */
        public abstract byte[] toByteImage();

        /**
         * Returns a 1D array representation of this image with each pixel
         * represented as a packed ARGB integer.
         * 
         * @return An array of ARGB pixels.
         */
        public abstract int[] toPackedARGBPixels();

        /**
         * Apply a transform matrix to the image and returns the result as a new
         * image.
         * 
         * @param transform
         *            The transform matrix to apply.
         * @return A new image containing the result.
         */
        public I transform(Matrix transform) {
                boolean unset = true;
                double minX = 0, minY = 0, maxX = 0, maxY = 0;
                final double[][][] extrema = new double[][][] {
                                { { 0 }, { 0 }, { 1 } },
                                { { 0 }, { this.getHeight() }, { 1 } },
                                { { this.getWidth() }, { 0 }, { 1 } },
                                { { this.getWidth() }, { this.getHeight() }, { 1 } },
                };
                for (final double[][] ext : extrema) {
                        final Matrix tmp = transform.times(Matrix.constructWithCopy(ext));
                        if (unset) {
                                minX = maxX = tmp.get(0, 0);
                                maxY = minY = tmp.get(1, 0);
                                unset = false;
                        } else {
                                if (tmp.get(0, 0) > maxX)
                                        maxX = tmp.get(0, 0);
                                if (tmp.get(1, 0) > maxY)
                                        maxY = tmp.get(1, 0);
                                if (tmp.get(0, 0) < minX)
                                        minX = tmp.get(0, 0);
                                if (tmp.get(1, 0) < minY)
                                        minY = tmp.get(1, 0);
                        }
                }
                final I output = this.newInstance((int) (Math.abs(maxX - minX)), (int) (Math.abs(maxY - minY)));
                final Matrix invTrans = transform.inverse();
                final double[][] invTransData = invTrans.getArray();

                for (int x = 0; x < output.getWidth(); x++) {
                        for (int y = 0; y < output.getHeight(); y++) {
                                double oldx = invTransData[0][0] * x + invTransData[0][1] * y + invTransData[0][2];
                                double oldy = invTransData[1][0] * x + invTransData[1][1] * y + invTransData[1][2];
                                final double norm = invTransData[2][0] * x + invTransData[2][1] * y + invTransData[2][2];

                                oldx /= norm;
                                oldy /= norm;

                                if (oldx < 0 || oldx >= this.getWidth() || oldy < 0 || oldy >= this.getHeight())
                                        continue;

                                output.setPixel(x, y, this.getPixelInterp(oldx, oldy));
                        }
                }
                return output;
        }

        /**
         * Removes zero-valued pixels from around the outside of the image.
         * Analagous to {@link String#trim()}.
         * 
         * @return A new image containing the trimmed image.
         */
        public I trim() {
                final Rectangle rect = this.getContentArea();
                return this.extractROI((int) rect.minX(), (int) rect.minY(), (int) (rect.getWidth()), (int) (rect.getHeight()));
        }

        /**
         * Set all pixels in the image to zero. Side-affects this image.
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image containing the result.
         */
        public abstract I zero();

        /**
         * Shifts all the pixels to the left by one pixel
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public I shiftLeftInplace() {
                return shiftLeftInplace(1);
        }

        /**
         * Shifts all the pixels to the right by one pixel
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public I shiftRightInplace() {
                return shiftRightInplace(1);
        }

        /**
         * Shifts all the pixels to the left by count pixel
         * 
         * @param count
         *            The number of pixels
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public I shiftLeftInplace(int count) {
                return this.internalAssign(this.shiftLeft(count));
        }

        /**
         * Shifts all the pixels to the right by count pixel
         * 
         * @param count
         *            The number of pixels
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public I shiftRightInplace(int count) {
                return this.internalAssign(this.shiftRight(count));
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new image that is it shifted around the x-ordinates by one
         * pixel
         * 
         * @return A new image shifted around to the left by one pixel
         */
        public I shiftLeft() {
                return shiftLeft(1);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new image that is it shifted around the x-ordinates by the
         * number of pixels given.
         * 
         * @param nPixels
         *            The number of pixels
         * 
         * @return A new image shifted around to the left by the number of pixels
         */
        public I shiftLeft(int nPixels) {
                final I output = this.newInstance(getWidth(), getHeight());
                final I img = this.extractROI(0, 0, nPixels, getHeight());
                output.createRenderer().drawImage(
                                this.extractROI(nPixels, 0, getWidth() - nPixels, getHeight()), 0, 0);
                output.createRenderer().drawImage(img, getWidth() - nPixels, 0);
                return output;
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new image that is it shifted around the x-ordinates by one
         * pixel
         * 
         * @return A new image shifted around to the right by one pixel
         */
        public I shiftRight() {
                return shiftRight(1);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new image that is it shifted around the x-ordinates by the
         * number of pixels given.
         * 
         * @param nPixels
         *            the number of pixels
         * 
         * @return A new image shifted around to the right by the number of pixels
         */
        public I shiftRight(int nPixels) {
                final I output = this.newInstance(getWidth(), getHeight());
                final I img = this.extractROI(getWidth() - nPixels, 0, nPixels, getHeight());
                output.createRenderer().drawImage(
                                this.extractROI(0, 0, getWidth() - nPixels, getHeight()), nPixels, 0);
                output.createRenderer().drawImage(img, 0, 0);
                return output;
        }

        /**
         * Shifts all the pixels up by one pixel
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public I shiftUpInplace() {
                return shiftUpInplace(1);
        }

        /**
         * Shifts all the pixels down by one pixels
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public I shiftDownInplace() {
                return shiftDownInplace(1);
        }

        /**
         * Shifts all the pixels up by count pixels
         * 
         * @param count
         *            The number of pixels
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public I shiftUpInplace(int count) {
                return this.internalAssign(this.shiftUp(count));
        }

        /**
         * Shifts all the pixels down by count pixels
         * 
         * @param count
         *            The number of pixels
         * 
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public I shiftDownInplace(int count) {
                return this.internalAssign(this.shiftDown(count));
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new image that is it shifted around the x-ordinates by one
         * pixel
         * 
         * @return A new image shifted around up by one pixel
         */
        public I shiftUp() {
                return shiftUp(1);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new image that is it shifted around the x-ordinates by the
         * number of pixels given.
         * 
         * @param nPixels
         *            The number of pixels
         * 
         * @return A new image shifted around up by the number of pixels
         */
        public I shiftUp(int nPixels) {
                final I output = this.newInstance(getWidth(), getHeight());
                final I img = this.extractROI(0, 0, getWidth(), nPixels);
                output.createRenderer().drawImage(
                                this.extractROI(0, nPixels, getWidth(), getHeight() - nPixels), 0, 0);
                output.createRenderer().drawImage(img, 0, getHeight() - nPixels);
                return output;
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new image that is it shifted around the x-ordinates by one
         * pixel
         * 
         * @return A new image shifted around down by one pixel
         */
        public I shiftDown() {
                return shiftDown(1);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a new image that is it shifted around the x-ordinates by the
         * number of pixels given.
         * 
         * @param nPixels
         *            the number of pixels
         * 
         * @return A new image shifted around down by the number of pixels
         */
        public I shiftDown(int nPixels) {
                final I output = this.newInstance(getWidth(), getHeight());
                final I img = this.extractROI(0, getHeight() - nPixels, getWidth(), nPixels);
                output.createRenderer().drawImage(
                                this.extractROI(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight() - nPixels), 0, nPixels);
                output.createRenderer().drawImage(img, 0, 0);
                return output;
        }

        /**
         * Overlays the given image on this image and returns a new image containing
         * the result.
         * 
         * @param image
         *            The image to overlay on this image.
         * @param x
         *            The location at which to overlay the image
         * @param y
         *            The location at which to overlay the image
         * @return A new image containing the result
         */
        public I overlay(I image, int x, int y) {
                final I img = this.clone();
                img.overlayInplace(image, x, y);
                return img;
        }

        /**
         * Overlays the given image on this image directly. The method returns this
         * image for chaining.
         * 
         * @param image
         *            The image to overlay
         * @param x
         *            The location at which to overlay the image
         * @param y
         *            The location at which to overlay the image
         * @return Returns this image
         */
        public abstract I overlayInplace(I image, int x, int y);

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        @Override
        public I getImage() {
                return (I) this;
        }

        /**
         * Replace pixels of a certain colour with another colour. Side-affects this
         * image.
         * 
         * @param target
         *            the colour to fill the image with
         * @param replacement
         *            the colour to fill the image with
         * @return A reference to this image.
         */
        public abstract I replace(Q target, Q replacement);

        /**
         * Sub-pixel sampling of a centred rectangular region such that
         * <code>dst(x, y) = src(x + center.x  (width(dst)  1) ⇤ 0.5, y + center.y  (height(dst)  1) ⇤ 0.5)</code>
         * . Sub-pixels values are estimated using bilinear interpolation.
         * 
         * @see #getPixelInterp(double, double)
         * 
         * @param centre
         *            the centre
         * @param width
         *            the region width
         * @param height
         *            the region height
         * @return the extracted sub-pixel region
         */
        public I extractCentreSubPix(Point2d centre, int width, int height) {
                return extractCentreSubPix(centre.getX(), centre.getY(), width, height);
        }

        /**
         * Sub-pixel sampling of a centred rectangular region such that
         * <code>dst(x, y) = src(x + center.x  (width(dst)  1) ⇤ 0.5, y + center.y  (height(dst)  1) ⇤ 0.5)</code>
         * . Sub-pixels values are estimated using bilinear interpolation.
         * 
         * @see #getPixelInterp(double, double)
         * @param cx
         *            the x-ordinate of the centre
         * @param cy
         *            the y-ordinate of the centre
         * @param width
         *            the region width
         * @param height
         *            the region height
         * @return the extracted sub-pixel region
         */
        public I extractCentreSubPix(float cx, float cy, int width, int height) {
                final I out = newInstance(width, height);
                return extractCentreSubPix(cx, cy, out);
        }

        /**
         * Sub-pixel sampling of a centred rectangular region such that
         * <code>dst(x, y) = src(x + center.x  (width(dst)  1) ⇤ 0.5, y + center.y  (height(dst)  1) ⇤ 0.5)</code>
         * . Sub-pixels values are estimated using bilinear interpolation.
         * 
         * @see #getPixelInterp(double, double)
         * 
         * @param centre
         *            the centre
         * @param out
         *            the output image (also defines the size of the extracted
         *            region)
         * @return <code>out</code>
         */
        public I extractCentreSubPix(Point2d centre, I out) {
                return extractCentreSubPix(centre.getX(), centre.getY(), out);
        }

        /**
         * Sub-pixel sampling of a centred rectangular region such that
         * <code>dst(x, y) = src(x + center.x  (width(dst)  1) ⇤ 0.5, y + center.y  (height(dst)  1) ⇤ 0.5)</code>
         * . Sub-pixels values are estimated using bilinear interpolation.
         * 
         * @see #getPixelInterp(double, double)
         * @param cx
         *            the x-ordinate of the centre
         * @param cy
         *            the y-ordinate of the centre
         * @param out
         *            the output image (also defines the size of the extracted
         *            region)
         * @return <code>out</code>
         */
        public abstract I extractCentreSubPix(float cx, float cy, I out);
}